Although beneficial in minute amounts in natural form, cadmium, as an environmental pollutant, is extremely toxic. It is found in smoggy air, coming mostly from automobiles. Many brands of gasoline and lubricating oils contain cadmium. It is also present in commonly used phosphate fertilizers whereby it pollutes the soil, wherefrom it is taken up by vegetables and particularly by cereal grains. Most of our water supplies, especially so-called soft water, are heavily polluted by cadmium.
One of the common causes of slow, chronic cadmium poisoning is the ingestion of water which comes out of the faucet first thing in the morning, as it had picked up dangerous amounts of cadmium by standing in the pipes overnight. Both the galvanized and the newer black plastic pipes contain cadmium, which is dissolved and leached out by acids in the water. Hot water leaches even more than cold water and, therefore, should be never used for cooking or drinking.
Shellfish and animal livers concentrate cadmium and are dangerous to eat for this reason.
Cadmium poisoning can also be caused by the use of enameled utensils and pots. Toxic cadmium is used to achieve the beautiful colors in enamel (the same way as lead is used in ceramics). It is dissolved by acids in food and ends up in our bodies.
Cadmium is even more dangerous to your health than lead. It can cause high blood pressure and heart disease, iron-deficiency anemia, atherosclerosis, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lung fibrosis, kidney damage and cancer.

Protection
1. Vitamin С. It is a specific protector against the toxic and disease-producing effect of cadmium.
Dose: massive doses up to 3,000 mg. a day. In acute poisoning, even more.
2. Include zinc-rich foods, such as pumpkin seeds, sunflower seed and other raw seeds, nuts and whole grains, in your daily diet. Zinc prevents the assimilation of cadmium. Cadmium and zinc are chemical “antagonists.” If zinc is present in the diet in abundance, it winds up being stored in our body in place of cadmium.
3. Avoid white flour and everything made with it. Seventy-eight percent of the zinc present in whole wheat is removed with bran and wheat germ during the milling process, leaving an abundance of cadmium in white flour.
4. Avoid using enameled utensils. Use glass, earthenware or stainless steel utensils.
5. Do not drink regular tap water. Use bottled spring water if you live in the city.

*81/103/5*

When we come to consider the general relationship between heredity and environment, not as regards disease, but as regards characteristics, we find there has been a great controversy in the past. Can acquired characteristics be inherited? Biologists of the present day are pretty well convinced that they cannot. Here is a big experiment. Jews since many centuries before Christ have been circumcised. And yet after all these centuries the prepuce of a Jewish baby is just like that of a Christian.
But I think that one can see how environment might affect heredity in some characteristics. Darwin in his Origin of Species advanced the argument of the survival of the fittest. If a certain characteristic might benefit the animals possessing it, then those having it to a superior degree have a better chance to survive and pass it on to their offspring. Certainly, the environment might determine what are the best characteristics for survival.
If, as Dr. Wilson told us a few pages back, all people of English extraction have a pedigree going back to William the Conqueror, presumably we are all related. Why do we not then, have the same inheritance? In the nearly ten centuries since the Conqueror, his many genes have occurred in his descendants in a tremendous number of combinations. I think there is an analogy here with the brown trout of the fish hatchery at New Hampton, New Hampshire. In one pool there are many big white trout raised from fingerlings in the regular pools. We are told that about once in every seven million there is a white one. If he is scooped up and put to one side he grows into a big white fish. But bred to a brown one we are right back where we started. One seven-millionth of a chance of our being a genius just because we are proud of our pedigree from William the Bastard?
John Buchan wrote a book called The Path of the King, which is an allegory concerning great inheritance. In the woods and fens of England, long before the Normans conquered at Hastings, a witch gave a young boy a gold ring. Always the possessor would have strength, ability, nobility in the best sense, and perseverance to carry through his good intentions. Through the centuries a series of owners of the ring displayed all the great qualities the witch had promised, but they always perished while carrying out their endeavor. In the final episode Nancy Hanks Lincoln passed the ring to her son Abraham who lost it, but as the mother saw in a deathbed vision, only after he had inherited the gifts of the ring in quantities far greater than ever before. We know of but few possessing the ring throughout its long history, nor do we know the paths by which it came to Lincoln. The accurate tracing of human heredity is an all but impossible task. The possession of great qualities is not necessarily made known to the world for they may well lack the opportunity to be demonstrated. Circumstance plays a large part in man’s existence.
The complications of the laws of heredity are enormous; the possible combinations of traits and the impossibility of accurate human records make predictions futile, but the chances of good progeny are best if humans breed according to the practices of animal and plant fanciers, avoiding bad and choosing good qualities. Which advice, like much we get from our economic advisors, will often prove futile.
*80/276/5*

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TAKING CLOZAPINE TO TREAT SCHIZOPHRENIA
Scientists still are puzzling over how clozapine and its cousins work. They contend that clozapine regulates the flow in the brain of molecules called neurotransmitters. They appear at the junctions of nerves. One nerve ending releases a neurotransmitter. It flows across the junction and causes an electrical discharge in the next nerve. Scientists have found a dozen neurotransmitters. Among those affected by clozapine are dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
Dr. Herbert Y. Meltzer, professor of psychiatry at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, explains how clozapine affects the flow of dopamine: It maintains a normal level of the neurotransmitter in areas of the brain that control emotion and motivation. With too little dopamine comes the disease’s flat emotional response; with too much dopamine come excitability and delusions.
Patients taking older drugs complain of feeling medicated, sleepy, and zombielike. Those taking clozapine report feeling more like their healthy selves. This reaction indicates that, with clozapine, they will have less need for institutionalization, avoiding the hospital “revolving door” situation.
Dr. Meltzer is investigating the possibility of using clozapine to treat schizophrenia from its onset.
Since 1989, clozapine has caused blood problems in several hundred patients, and a few have died. In addition, about 1 percent of patients suffer seizures if the dose is too strong for them. But most of the other side effects, including weight gain and excessive salivation, are infrequent and mild. And, unlike other schizophrenia drugs, clozapine does not trigger involuntary movements of the face and mouth – a condition that persists in some patients even after they stop taking those drugs.
Scientists say clozapine will lead to a better understanding of schizophrenia. They now theorize that the tendency to schizophrenia is inherited or caused by a prenatal viral infection.
Clozapine has raised the hopes of both doctors and patients. It may one day do for schizophrenia what penicillin did for infections.
*79/266/5*

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HUMAN HEREDITY
There have been many misconceptions about human heredity; most naturally, for humans are impossible to control accurately, and to be of value observations have to be made over a number of generations. But the laws of heredity work in all animals and by studying short-lived ones, easily handled, much may be learned. The extreme example is the study of fruit flies. A pair of these has two or three hundred children at a time and there are forty generations in a year. Figuring with the smallest figure, you find that theoretically the prolific pair might have a posterity of over twenty billion in a month and a half. Two thoughts inevitably come to mind: what a wonderful opportunity to study inheritance, and how fortunate that there are so many lethal agents in the world.
It is granted that the laws of heredity do hold for man, which is what we want to know, for what cares the average person as to the scientist’s experiments with guinea pigs, flies, or plants? We cannot keep family records as we do with fruit flies for, although Joseph Smith’s family may have lived in Vermont for a century or so, his posterity lived in Utah and the early Mormons practiced polygamy, complicating statistics. The royal families of Europe, however, practically lived in showcases, and their famous disease, hemophilia, in which some of the men were “bleeders,” could be shown to be hereditary, although tracing this was tricky. As only the men have the trouble and only the women transmit it, a couple of generations without sons could put the matter beyond the ken of many families.
I had no uncle or great-uncle on my mother’s side, so there might well have been a bleeder in my family about the time of the Revolution without my knowing it. The fact that I am not a bleeder proves nothing, for only a small proportion of possible inheritors get into trouble. In fact, I have just seen in a good book on heredity the pedigree of a bleeder family, and out of twenty-two men in three generations only three were bleeders. Perhaps this will convince you that heredity is a mighty intricate subject.
*78/276/5*

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PROTECTING AGAINST COMMON POISONS: MERCURY
Mercury is one of the most universally present poisons in our environment. It has contaminated our soil, our waters and our food supply.
Mercury is a deadly, cumulative poison. It can damage the brain and central nervous system. It also interferes with enzyme activity, damages kidneys, liver, and causes paralysis and blindness.
Protection
1. Brewer’s yeast. It contains selenium, a trace mineral that acts as an antidote helping to destroy the mercury in the body.
Dose: 3 to 5 tbsp. a day.
2. Eat only organically grown foods. Drink plenty of raw fruit and vegetable juices. Organic foods contain traces of selenium.
3. Do not drink regular tap water. Use pure, unpolluted well or spring water, bottled if necessary.
4. Take large doses daily of the following vitamins which are known to help you protect against harmful effects of any toxins, including mercury: ?, ?, A and B-complex.
5. Calcium. Helps to neutralize mercury and excrete it safely.
Dose: Up to 1,000 mg. a day.
6. Hydrochloric acid. One tablet after each meal, if you are over 40 and deficient in HC1.
7. Lecithin. Minimizes the toxic effect of mercury.
Dose: 1 to 2 tbsp. of granules a day.
*79/103/5*

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PLANNING FOR GOOD NUTRITION: MEAL PLANNING FOR ADULTS
Basic considerations in meal planning
A family may sit down, day by day, at the same table and partake of the same choice of food with apparently different results. A six-year-old boy seems to grow slowly, the teenage boy may be a foot taller and 15 lb heavier in a year’s time, one parent may gain weight, and the other maintains constant weight. The six-year-old is often finicky about his food, the teenager never seems to get filled up, and the parent whose weight never changes appears to have a hearty appetite. If there are toddlers, preschool children, or grandparents at this table, the homemaker makes particular adaptations for them and yet tries to keep the meal as uniform as possible. Many factors enter into meal planning.
Four food groups
When only the specified amounts of the foods from ups are consumed, the caloric intake will range from about 1100 to 1400 kcal – far below the needs of the teenager or adult.
It has often been stated: “First include the specified amounts of each of the Four Food Groups in your diet. Then complete your caloric need by eating any foods you like to maintain your normal weight.” This rule may work reasonably well for some people, but it is not necessarily the best advice. It could lead to excessive use of sugars and fats that supply little else than calories. A much better selection to fill the caloric need would include additional amounts of whole-grain or enriched breads, cereals, pastas, legumes, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. These foods supply not only calories, but additional minerals, vitamins, and protein.
The teenage girl and woman must select foods added to the skeleton menu pattern with care because their caloric requirements are lower than those of the man and their iron requirements are much higher. A serving of liver weekly, enriched or whole-grain breads and cereals, frequent use of dried fruits, molasses, and legumes enhance the intake of iron. Nevertheless, the recommended allowance of 18 mg iron is not likely to be met without the use of an iron supplement.
Adaptations for dietary goals
If the Dietary Goals are to be incorporated with the Four Food Groups into menu planning, the following changes would need to be made:
Milk group: use skim or low-fat milk. Children may be given whole milk. Use low-fat cheeses. Cheeses made from whole milk may be used occasionally.
Meat group: include not more than 5 oz meat, fish, or poultry daily. Select meats that are lean; trim off visible fat. Use fish and poultry more frequently, and beef, pork, ham, Iamb less frequently. Use up to 3 to 4 eggs per week; count one egg as a substitute for 1 oz meat. Legumes and nuts are not restricted; they are a good protein source when combined with grain foods.
Vegetable-fruit group: increase the intake of this group.
Bread-cereal group: substantially increase the intake of this group to meet energy needs and to supply B-complex vitamins and iron.
In addition the goals recommend:
Reduced consumption of sugars, sweets and foods high in sugar content.
Reduced consumption of fat, especially saturated fat: butter, cream, bacon, lard, hydrogenated fat, visible fat on meats, regular margarines.
Moderate increase in the consumption of polyunsaturated fats: corn, cottonseed, soybean and safflower oils for cooking, baking, and in salad dressings; soft-type margarines made from these oils.
Reduced intake of salt: omit salting food at the table; reduce the amount of salt added to food in preparation; limited use of very salty foods such as pickles, catsup, meat sauces, pretzels, potato chips, salted fish and meat, and many others.
*79/234/5*

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ELECTROLYTE BALANCE IN YOUR BODY: POTASSIUM
Just as sodium is the principal mineral element in fluids surrounding the cells, so potassium is the principal mineral element within the cell. Potassium is essential for the synthesis of proteins, for enzyme functions within the cells-, and for maintenance of the fluid balance. A small amount of potassium is also found in the extracellular fluid, and aids in the regulation of muscle contraction and nervous irritability.
Sources
Most diets supply liberal amounts of potassium. Among the rich sources are meats, potatoes, peanut butter, dried fruits, oranges, grapefruit, tomatoes, bananas, carrots, and celery.
Clinical problems
The exact requirement for potassium is not known: Dietary deficiency does not normally occur. However, persons who take diuretics have an increased excretion of potassium in the urine, and they need to emphasize potassium-rich foods in their diets to make up for these losses. Severe vomiting, diarrhea, and diabetic acidosis may also lead to potassium deficiency. Some of the symptoms are nausea, vomiting, apprehension, listlessness, muscular weakness, abnormalities in cardiac rhythm, and respiratory failure.
Hyperpotassemia (high blood potassium) is a complication in severe dehydration, adrenal insufficiency, and renal failure. Numbness of the face, tongue, and extremities, muscle weakness, and cardiac arrhythmia are observed. Cardiac failure may occur. Diets low in protein and potassium and high in carbohydrate are used in these conditions.
*59/234/5*

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HIGH TECH MEDICINE: WHY MORE CHILDREN SURVIVE
When you enter the brightly lit, scrubbed, white room, you think you’re in a Star Trek space station. Blinking lights, computers, plastic tubing, attendants in white. You’re in the infant intensive care unit at Philadelphia’s Children’s Hospital. Then you look closely. You see a pinkish-yellow little creature, hardly bigger than a kitten, lying on a tiny bed. The tubes, the lights, the attendants surround it; its scrawny chest heaves with effort.
Such a creature was Matthew Luccarella of Pennsville, New Jersey. His mother, Darlene, gave birth to him 2 months too soon, and he weighed only 3 pounds, 6 ounces. Matthew was a “preemie,” a premature infant. By age 7, Matthew was growing normally and earning good marks in the second grade. “At his birthday, there are still tears,” says his mother. “I get very emotional when he blows out the candles. Matthew means ‘gift of God’ – that’s how he got his name.”
Matthew typifies the incredible progress of the last 40 years in keeping all children alive and healthy. Since 1950, the death rate for children between the ages of 1 and 14 has dropped by half, and it’s still going down. For infants younger than 1 year, the mortality rate has fallen even faster.
Much credit belongs to the vaccines and antibiotics that have conquered infectious diseases such as polio, diphtheria, tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, and mumps- diseases that once swept through communities in epidemic proportions. High technology and brilliant medical skills have mitigated the deadly powers of birth defects and children’s cancer. New techniques and discoveries are piling up faster and faster, saving more children, keeping them healthier, and warding off the killers of the past and present.
*59/266/5*

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NEURITIS (NERVE IRRITATION AND PAIN)
Neuritis can be caused by a variety of nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disturbances, such as faulty calcium metabolism, deficiencies of several B-vitamins (Bi2, B6, B1 pantothenic acid, B2), general toxemia, chronic acidosis-, faulty phospholipid metabolism, etc. The best treatment for neuritis is to make sure that the patient gets optimum nutrition (well assimilated) with all the general vitamins and other supplements, but particularly the specific supplements which are listed below.
Dietary considerations
The Airola Optimum Diet with emphasis on whole grains, particularly wheat, buckwheat and brown rice, raw seeds and nuts, especially almonds. Raw fruits and vegetables. Sprouted seeds, artichokes, raw milk, especially in soured form, and 1 cup of homemade cottage cheese a day.
Biological treatments
1. Dry brush massage and intermittent hot and cold showers, daily.
2. Daily walks and exercises, if patient is able to.
3. Constipation, or any other disorder, if present, must be corrected.
Vitamins supplements (daily)
B-compex, natural, high potency, large doses
Vitamins, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12 and pantothenic acid should be all represented in high potencies in this formula, or they could be taken separately
Brewer’s yeast – 3 to 5 tbsp.
Magnesium chloride – 400 mg.
Calcium lactate – 6 tablets
Silica – 3 tablets
Multi-vitamin-mineral formula, all natural
Juices
Carrot, beet, citrus fruit, apple, pineapple.
Specifics
B-complex vitamins in large doses. Brewer’s yeast or other food yeast. Optimum Diet. Calcium, magnesium, silica.
*59/103/5*

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HIGH TECH MEDICINE: PATIENT EDUCATION WITH COMPUTERS
Like doctors, patients now can play computer games to learn more about their illnesses and how to cope with them. The University of Minnesota in Minneapolis has developed a desktop system for helping patients with cystic fibrosis, a severe, often fatal lung disease. The patients’ parents also can use the computer to learn how to deal with this illness. Similar programs exist for diabetes, heart attack, sexually transmitted disease, and drug abuse. One program at the University of Minnesota will evaluate your health risks based on your lifestyle, parents’ diseases, and such factors as cholesterol levels.
In Louisville, distraught parents soon will be able to sit down at their own personal computers to get medical information instantly if their child is sick, thanks to Dr. Matthew Witten, who developed the pediatrics program there. Connected by telephone to the University of Louisville, a parent at home will type the child’s symptoms onto the computer screen. Back will come information on what to do immediately, when to see a doctor, and when, simply, to wait.
In Tucson, people can dial a phone number at the University of Arizona for a health assessment quiz to determine their risks for a particular condition. Callers can choose a quiz on one of 10 subjects, from stress to cancer. A computerized voice on the Tele-Health System asks the questions, and callers answer by tapping their touch-tone telephones. The voice then gives each caller’s risk score, based on the answers given.
Beyond these major trends, computer science is spreading widely and deeply into the medical community with new systems, either recently established or in the testing stages. For example, computers have made possible analyses of X-ray negatives so clear that pictures emerge of whole organs. Similar advances have been made with magnetic .and sound-wave probes. A doctor now can “see” a cancer that only a few years ago was not visible.
The United Network for Organ Sharing, a nationwide computer system, now directs donated organs-kidneys, hearts, livers-to the right patients with the proper match of blood and tissue.
Many drugstores and hospital pharmacies are computerized to reduce errors in prescriptions. A computerized pharmacy can spot drug conflicts, check to see whether you are overdosed, and find your prescription if you have lost it.
*58/266/5*

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EYEBALL: ABOUT ARGYLL-ROBERTSON PUPIL AND MORE
In certain conditions, such as syphilis of the nervous system, there is a phenomenon known as Argyll-Robertson pupil: the pupil will contract as an object approaches it, but will not do so when a bright light shines upon it. A generation or so ago these actions of the iris made the front pages of newspapers. Harry Thaw, a rich playboy, was being tried for murder. The defense was insanity, which not infrequently in those days was caused by syphilis. District Attorney Jerome, of the family from which Winston Churchill, through his American mother, got a goodly part of his ability, sought to discredit the defense psychiatrist, who was, in the language of the present day, a four-flusher. He asked him if Argyll-Robertson was one man or two. The answer was really of little importance, but the witness, instead of admitting that he did not know, foolishly guessed two. This mistake of the psychiatrist served to raise the name of a Scotch physician from comparative obscurity to considerable fame, as well as to show how, in the anfractuosities of the law, a reaction of the eye may become important, legally.
In both a camera and an eye the entering rays of light pass through a lens which focuses them on the back wall. The lens of the eye is enclosed in an elastic capsule. As this is tightened or loosened by muscles, the shape of the lens changes according to the distance from the object looked at. This adjustment is known as accommodation and in the normal eye it allows one to see clearly either near or far. Unfortunately many eyes are not normal. The most common difficulty is that the front to back dimension of the eyeball is either too short or too long, so the light rays cannot be focused accurately on the back wall. Then the direction of the light rays has to be changed before they enter the eye. This is done by spectacles.
So far, so good; but elderly people do not need to be reminded that the spectacles which did a perfect job for them at twenty-one are not at all what they need at sixty-one. There are two principal reasons: change in the shape of the eyeball, due mostly to the pull of the muscles attached to it, and also changes in the shape of the lens. At any rate, persons who have been very nearsighted in early life may find that they may dispense with their glasses in later years, while we who started clear sightedly forth in our youth find ourselves baffled by the obscurities of the telephone book.
A good lens is crystal clear, but unfortunately opacities sometimes occur, forming the well-known cataracts. My medical dictionary has eleven inches of fine print listing the different varieties. The least displeasing to me is the “incipient cataract . . . sometimes remaining unchanged for years.”
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ELECTROLYTE BALANCE IN YOUR BODY: SODIUM
About half of the body sodium is found in the extracellular fluid. Another 40 per cent is present in bone, and not over 10 per cent in the intracellular fluid- Sodium helps to maintain the fluid and acid-base balance of the body; ? the transmission of nerve impulses; in the absorption of glucose; in the relaxation of muscle cells; and in the maintenance of permeability of cell membranes.
Utilization
Sodium in the diet is almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Any excess is rapidly excreted in the urine. A person who is perspiring heavily will lose much sodium through the skin. The amount of sodium that is excreted is regulated by adrenal hormones that exert control over the kidneys. When the sodium intake is high, the excretion by the kidneys is increased; but if the body stores of sodium, or the dietary supply is low, only traces of sodium will be excreted.
Sources
A typical American diet based on the Four Food Groups would furnish about 500 gm sodium, if no salt or other sodium-containing compound were added. About three fourths of this sodium is present in foods from the milk and meat groups. With a few exceptions, the fruit-vegetable and bread-cereal groups are low in sodium.
The chief source of sodium in the diet is salt. It is used not only in food preparation, but it is present in considerable amounts in many processed foods such as ham, bacon, luncheon meats, smoked poultry and fish; pickles, olives; catsup, meat sauces, relishes; snack foods such as potato chips, pretzels, and many crackers. Other sodium compounds such as monosodium glutamate (MSG), baking powder, and baking soda also contribute important amounts of sodium.
Requirement
For the normal healthy adult the sodium requirement is quite low – about 500 mg (1250 mg salt). Greater intakes would be needed by laborers or athletes engaged in vigorous physical activity in very hot, humid climates.
Salt is an acquired taste. The sodium intake of Americans varies widely from about 3 to 8 gm (7.5 to 20 gm salt). This is far in excess of needs.
Clinical problems
In some individuals a high intake of salt over a lifetime is believed to increase the likelihood of hypertension. Most physicians recommend that their patients who have hypertension reduce their sodium intake 0 about 2 to 3 gm per day (5 to 7 gm salt). This moderate restriction is in edition to any anti-hypertensive medications that are prescribed.
The Dietary Goals propose that all persons restrict their salt intake to 5 gm daily. This permits light salting of food in its preparation. Although such restriction of salt over a lifetime might reduce the risk of hypertension, there is no guarantee that such benefit would take place. On the other hand, this level of restriction is a safe approach and still permits a palatable diet.
When the kidney or heart is not functioning normally, sodium may accumulate in the tissues and water will also be held (edema). Dietary deficiency of sodium does not occur. However, excessive perspiration, severe vomiting or diarrhea, or diseases of the adrenal gland may lead to depletion of body sodium.
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SENSE ORGANS: SENSE OF SIGHT
Although, without hearing, man is sadly cut off from natural communication with his fellows, there is pretty general agreement that sight is the most important sense which he possesses. The others are local, and even hearing is rarely of use except for sounds fairly close by. Sight allows us to appreciate things as far distant as the stars. It is with the greatest difficulty that we compensate for the loss of sight even with nearby familiar things.
Our sight is well guarded. The eyeball lies within the strong bony cavity or orbit and the nerve of sight is back of this, embedded in a soft mass of protective fat. The reaction of our eyelids is extraordinarily quick. Anything approaching the eyes causes them to close instantly, often even without our knowledge.
The delicate outer surface of the eyeball is kept continuously moist by a steady flow of salty tears from glands just above the eye. This washes away all fine dust that has not been caught by the eyelashes. Other glands in the upper eyelids secrete a fatty material that keeps the lids from sticking together and also keeps the flow of tears from running over. Most of this liquid evaporates but some runs through a small canal from the inner corner of the eye into the nose. Hence the blowing of the nose so common at plays, weddings, etc., when people do not want to admit their sentimental weeping.
This weeping is a peculiar phenomenon, peculiar to the human race. It is evidently a recent acquirement of human beings, biologically speaking. Babies do not weep until they are about two months old, and no other animal weeps, despite the references several centuries old to crocodile tears. It is an emotional affair – people weeping for joy as well as for pain and sorrow. It often gives physical relief from mental tension. And it is sometimes embarrassing.
The eyeball is a globe with an exceedingly tough wall and a front surface that must be the most delicate in the whole body. You may be barely able to see a speck after it is removed, although while under the eyelid it caused you anguish. The steady flow of tears saves you from many such unpleasant episodes.
As a piece of apparatus for receiving, transmitting, and recording light waves, the eye is much like a camera except in its shape. This globe shape allows the six muscles attached to its outer surface to move it like a ball and socket joint. They are fastened far enough forward so that they do not pull against the point of attachment but curve over the surface as a baseball pitcher’s fingers curve over the ball, giving a firm hold. Ordinarily the two eyes move together, thus keeping both focused on the object. Unfortunately some children have muscle trouble, resulting in a squint, and they cannot do this double focusing. Such children should be seen promptly by competent oculists, for many of them need the shortening or lengthening of one of these muscles.
Helmholtz, the great German scientist, said that he could design an apparatus for seeing which would be more efficient than the eye. Perhaps he could have made one for temporary use. But would it have worked well in bright sunlight, fairly well at night, also under water; would it have been kept in good order by home repair while still in use; would it have been fairly efficient after nearly a century of use and capable of developing pictures far more quickly than a modern Polaroid camera? Also could it have taken colored pictures under poor lighting conditions, carried an unlimited supply of films, and been capable of instant focusing for near or far distances?
Even with the eyelids closed there is enough transparency to allow us to distinguish between darkness and light, but the light rays which we really use for sight must come through the pupil. The size of the pupil is automatically regulated by the surrounding iris which consists of two muscles, one to open and the other to shut. These muscles act more quickly than any other involuntary muscles. The pupil enlarges when we look at distant objects, contracts for near ones. There is much more variation, however, produced by varying amounts of light. Bright lights cause small pupils. In the darkness of night the pupils become very large.
*57/276/5*

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Other names: Soloxine, Levothroid

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, VITAMINS, ETC
Biological treatments
1. Short juice fast, 4 to 5 days. After the fast, a strict raw lacto-vegetarian diet of raw fruits and vegetables, milk, seeds, sprouts and lactic acid foods, as suggested above.
2. Extensive physiotherapeutic and hydro therapeutic programs: massage, exercises, swimming, cold showers morning and evening, hot baths, hot mineral baths, if possible.
3. Vitamin supplementation is vital in treatment of MS. Dr. Frederick Klenner, Riedsville, N.C., uses large doses of Bb B3 and B6 with reported success. Vitamin F (essential fatty acids) and vitamin E are also specific.
Vitamins and supplements (daily)
E -up to 1,800 IU
F, essential fatty acids – 6 capsules
B-complex, natural, high potency, with B12
B1 – 100 mg.
B6 – 100 mg.
B3 – 100 mg.
B2 – 100 mg.
B12 – 100 mcg.
Inositol – 500 mg.
?- up to 1,000 mg.
Lecithin – 3 tbsp. of granules
Pantothenic acid – 100 mg.
Raw saturated and unsaturated fatty acids for carbon20 fat (from crude, cold-pressed oils, also from fresh, non-rancid wheat germ oil)
Brewer’s yeast – 2 to 3 tbsp.
Magnesium supplement
Bone meal – 3 tablets
Liquid whey from soured milk
Natural multi-vitamin-mineral formula
Juices
Any available raw vegetable and fruit juices from organically grown fruits and vegetables.
Specifics
Raw, organically grown foods, sprouted wheat, lecithin, vitamins Bi, B3, B6, F and E, fermented lactic acid foods, fresh unsalted farm butter.
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COMPUTERS AND MEDICINE: DOCTOR’S TRAINING
Physicians now can play computer games to keep themselves intellectually sharp.
A program called CYBERLOG, for instance, deals with one topic at a time- high blood pressure, fluid balance and diabetes. The doctor gets a printed manual plus a floppy disc for a personal computer. The program challenges the physician to solve simulated case problems. The program also gives the doctor the tools to solve real-life medical puzzles- helping determine the correct dose of insulin for a diabetic, for example, or which drug to use for a hypertension patient.
At Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, doctors can study simulated medical conditions via telephone on AMA/NET. Medical students at Harvard practice on simulated “computer patients.” Similarly, a program for a personal computer called MacDope-developed cooperatively by St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, England, and Mc-Master University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada-allows medical students to administer drugs to computer patients and study the results. DxTER, a privately developed program, provides simulations for medical professionals.
Dr. G. Octo Barnett, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, is enthusiastic about computer teaching. But, he warns, “There is a lot you cannot learn on a computer: being compassionate, picking up the nuances of a conversation, reading the patient’s face. Computers will never replace enlightened, humane instructors who provide role models and inspiration.”
Information Searches
Doctors and medical researchers can use their personal computers to delve by telephone into the vast literature that exists in the National Library of Medicine, which holds 10 million items on diseases, body parts, and treatments.
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SENSE OF HEARING: HEARING AIDS
As people are living to an older age now, more of them are realizing that with the advancing years all their tissues have a tendency to lose elasticity and pliability. This situation in the ear does result in the hearing being less acute. Fortunately hearing aids are being improved, and, what is also important, they are getting to be as good form as eye glasses. There is an occasional person whose deafness is due to degeneration of the acoustic nerve. So check with a good ear surgeon before you buy your hearing aid.
It may be that within a few years hearing aids will be as popular as eye glasses. An article in the British Medical Journal said that a recent visitor to New York was impressed by the number of people in the street wearing hearing aids, and the same might be said of London now.
There is no doubt that they are a great help to many people. Children at schools for the deaf, if they have a small remnant of hearing, now use them. I am told by a physician, deaf himself, that it is very important to recognize deafness in young children. Not only are deaf children thought to be stupid, unjustly, but it is important that they receive training in hearing. He also says that the parents are the ones to determine this, not the otologist, that is, the ear doctor. He suggests that they stand where the child cannot see them and say softly, “Want some ice cream?” Any American child who does not respond to this is definitely abnormal.
Training in the use of hearing aids is important for older people as well as for children. Probably many get too much noise and this is confusing. There is an organization to help the hard of hearing get the best – for each one – type of aid.
I suggested to my deaf friend that there might be some unnecessary wearing of hearing aids as there is of eye glasses. In my youth my family sent me to a man who measured my eyesight, found that it was not perfect, and prescribed glasses. I wore them all through college. At medical school I got my first medical graft by going to a Boston oculist, a teacher in the school, who showed esprit de corps by charging me nothing. He said that I undoubtedly had a slight error of refraction, but that if they were his eyes he would do without glasses. I took his advice and went twenty years or so without any. My deaf friend says that this does not work with ears. He is in a position to know. I guess, though, that hearing aids are a greater nuisance than glasses, even bifocals. They are very expensive, the battery upkeep is to be considered, various parts of the apparatus may break, and they are considerable to carry around. People used to be ashamed of hearing aids, although why more so than of glasses it is hard for me to see. Probably soon they will be as much the mode as dark glasses are now.
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DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Only organically grown, poison-free, whole, unprocessed raw foods: raw fruits and mainly root vegetables, raw milk (preferably goat’s milk), raw fertile eggs, raw seeds and nuts, raw rolled oats (freshly made and not steamed).
Raw, unpasteurized homemade cottage cheese and homemade soured milk.
Raw, unsalted, fresh butter (must be from “organic” sources).
Crude cereal germ oils (such as wheat germ oil) – unprocessed, cold-pressed, non-rancid – as sources of arachidonic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, which is of specific value in treatment of MS.
Raw sprouted seeds and grains, particularly sprouted wheat and rye, several times a day.
Daily use of fermented lactic-acid foods, such as sauerkraut, sour pickles and lactic acid vegetables, all homemade. Health food stores carry some lactic acid foods and juices, imported from Europe, which are of special value for MS patients.
Raw unfiltered honey is the only sweetener allowed.
No coffee, tea, chocolate, salt, spices (mustard, pepper and vinegar), sugar or any refined, processed, canned or frozen foods. Especially avoid all refined carbohydrates.
All fruits and berries are beneficial. Best vegetables for MS are: carrots, cabbage, radishes, kohlrabi, cucumbers, red beets and tomatoes.
Liquid whey (the liquid portion of soured or curdled milk) contains orotic acid (vitamin B13) which has been shown to be of special value in treatment of multiple sclerosis. When raw cottage cheese is made at home, liquid whey should not be thrown away but used for drinks.
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ELECTROLYTE BALANCE IN YOUR BODY: DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes are chemical compounds that can break up into their ions when dissolved in water. They are called electrolytes because they carry electrical charges. Cations carry positive electrical charges; anions carry negative electrical charges. For example, salt (NaCl) dissociates to sodium (Na+), a cation; and chloride (Cl-), an anion. The total cations are exactly equal to the total anions in an electrolyte solution. Electrolytes are essential for the regulation of water and acid-base balance.
The electrolytes in body fluids are measured in units called milliequivalents (mEq). Note that the cations exactly balance the anions. Note also that the principal cation in blood plasma and interstitial fluid is sodium, and the principal anion is chloride. Within the cells, however, the principal cation is potassium, and the chief anion is phosphate.
In health the concentrations of the electrolytes in the extracellular fluid and in the intracellular fluid are maintained within very narrow ranges. Very little sodium enters into the cell, and very little potassium leaves the cell into the interstitial fluid or the blood plasma. A change in the level of any of the electrolytes in the blood plasma has great significance in deciding upon the correct treatment in various disease conditions.
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WATER BALANCE IN YOUR BODY: WATER REQUIREMENT, SOURCES, ETC
Water requirement
The daily water requirement is about 1 ml per kcal; a requirement of 2000 kcal necessitates a water intake of 2000 ml. Infants have proportionately greater water losses, and should be allowed about 150 ml (5 oz.) water for each 100 kcal. Thirst is a good guide for adequate fluid intake, except for sick persons and for infants.
Sources of water
The fluids we drink account for the chief intake of water. There is no harm in drinking water with meals provided it is not used to wash foods down without chewing them.
Foods contribute a fair amount of water.
Water also results from the oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. The amount of water produced in the body from metabolism is about 300 to 450 ml daily.
Water balance
Ordinarily the water sources to the body and the water losses from the body are in balance, as the following example shows:
Sources of Water ml Losses of Water ml
Water, tea, coffee 1100 Urine 1200
Milk (2 cups) 420 Feces 100
“Solid” foods 480 Skin and lungs 1000
Metabolic water 300 2300
2300
Clinical problems
Dehydration results when the intake is less than the body needs. This can occur when, for some reason, there is no food or fluid intake, or when the losses from the body are abnormally high: excessive perspiration because of marked activity in hot weather; severe diarrhea; vomiting; fever with increased losses through the skin; hemorrhage; severe burns with the accompanying water losses from the skin; uncontrolled diabetes with frequent urination. Dehydration is a serious medical problem requiring prompt attention. Fluids are given by mouth when possible; intravenous fluids are given when the patient is unable to take sufficient fluid by mouth. In dehydration there has often been loss of electrolytes as well so that these will require replacement with the water.
Edema is the accumulation water in the body. It occurs when the body is unable to excrete sodium in sufficient amounts. This is not unusual in diseases of the heart when the circulation is impaired, or when the kidneys are unable to excrete wastes normally. Edema also occurs following prolonged protein deficiency, because the tissues are no longer able to maintain normal water balance.
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COMPUTERS IN MEDICINE: TREATMENT
Like HELP, which is used by L.D.S. Hospital in Utah, CARE is used by Wishard Memorial Hospital in Indianapolis to check a patient’s electronic medical record. As data from examinations, tests, and drug treatment pile up, the program may advise what treatment to try next, or it may warn against using the wrong treatment.
Another system now being tested, called ATTENDING, helps anesthesiologists find the optimal combination of drugs to use on a patient. The doctor enters the plan and the patient’s characteristics into the computer. The program then weighs the characteristics and critiques the doctor’s plan.
A program called ONCOCIN suggests possible cancer treatment plans. A cancer patient might be given as many as eight drugs, X-rays, surgery, or all of these. At Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, Dr. Larry Norton developed the Norton-Simon Model computer program to find the best way to give drug therapy to breast cancer patients. Since then, such patients’ survival rates have increased significantly.
The National Cancer Institute developed a program called Physician Data Query (PDQ) to put doctors everywhere in touch with the latest cancer treatments. With a computer, a physician can find the right therapy for a patient with any type of cancer. The computer also can list the names and addresses of cancer specialists and identify those who are doing the most advanced research on cancer treatment.
At L.D.S. Hospital, a HELP computer checked on the use of antibiotics before and after surgery had begun. These chemicals kill bacteria so they do not spread to other organs during surgery. The computer system revealed that patients who were given antibiotics before surgery developed infections only half as often as those given antibiotics after the start of surgery. As a result, the system now sends automatic “alerts” to doctors, reminding them to give antibiotics at least 2 hours before the patient gets to the operating room. Since the alerts, infections have decreased measurably.
At Canada’s Misericordia General Hospital in Winnipeg, Manitoba, doctors tested a desktop computer in the Drug Interactions Advisor system, which alerts doctors to drug conflicts. For example, if doctors simultaneously prescribe tetracycline, an antibiotic, and Coumadin, a blood thinner, the blood may get too thin and hemorrhaging could occur. Dozens of such possibilities exist.
In a test of 100 patients, the Canadian physicians found that 51 had potential drug conflicts, and the computer advised changing treatment in 26 cases.
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