Lithobid (Lithium)


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Other names: Eskalith, Lithotabs
Lithobid (Lithium)
DELIRIUM: DSM-IV CRITERIA FOR DELIRIUM-DISTURBANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND ATTENTION
Delirium is a clinical syndrome and therefore defined by symptoms, signs, and course. To some extent, the name given the disorder varies, depending on whether the diagnosis is made by psychiatrists (who call the disorder delirium) or by other physicians (who may call it acute confusional state, acute brain syndrome, toxic psychosis, ICU psychosis, or encephalopathy). In recent years, the term delirium has gained increasing acceptance in the general medical literature, and it will be used in this article. As I review the characteristics of the syndrome, it will be clear that delirium can present with cognitive, emotional, or behavioral disturbances and must therefore be considered in any medical or surgical patient with “psychiatric” symptoms or signs.
Disturbance of Consciousness and Attention-The first of the DSM-IV criteria is the most important, because it links the two basic presentations of the syndrome?the
hypoactive-hypoalert form (corresponding to lethargus) and the hyperactive-hyperalert form (corresponding to phrenitis). A disturbance of consciousness occurs in both forms, but with somewhat different manifestations.
In hypoactive-hypoalert delirium, the patient is quiet, indifferent to his surroundings, and often drowsy. His difficulty generating and sustaining attention can be mistakenly (if understandably) attributed to sleep deprivation, fatigue, or the soporific effect of narcotic medication. In these latter circumstances, alertness is restored by sleep or rest, but in delirium a state of “clouded” consciousness persists. Over the course of several assessments, it becomes obvious that the patient cannot mobilize attention for more than a few seconds at a time. He appears bewildered, has trouble keeping up a conversation, and requires assistance in meeting his bodily needs. Impaired concentration is also seen when the patient is asked to do serial subtractions (as in counting backward by 7s from 100) or to list the months of the year backward, beginning with December. As this type of delirium worsens, stupor and coma ensue.
In hyperactive-hyperalert delirium, the patient is restless, talkative, and aroused. Here, the problem is not generating attention but sustaining and focusing it. The patient is easily distracted by both external stimuli (such as noises in the corridor) and internal stimuli (especially
hallucinations). As a result, concentration is poor, speech is disjointed, and behavior is erratic. When this form of delirium is severe, the patient seems vigilant, yet he is oblivious to his environment. As in the hypoactive-hypoalert type, the patient may describe his experience as dreamlike in nature.
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